{"id":5193,"date":"2019-07-23T14:55:50","date_gmt":"2019-07-23T14:55:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.unidadmedica.com\/?p=5193"},"modified":"2019-10-30T11:49:37","modified_gmt":"2019-10-30T11:49:37","slug":"exploracion-neurologica-del-sistema-motor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.unidadmedica.com\/en\/blog\/exploracion-neurologica-del-sistema-motor\/","title":{"rendered":"Exploraci\u00f3n Neurol\u00f3gica del sistema motor"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La <strong>exploraci\u00f3n neurol\u00f3gica<\/strong> se encarga de <\/span><b>diagnosticar<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong> las enfermedades del sistema nervioso<\/strong>; por eso, es la herramienta m\u00e1s importante en medicina. Este an\u00e1lisis es realizado normalmente por un <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unidadmedica.com\/especialidades\/neurologos-en-madrid\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">m\u00e9dico especialista en neurolog\u00eda<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Es importante <\/span><b>incorporar de manera correcta<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> los datos cl\u00ednicos que se obtienen mediante esta exploraci\u00f3n para que, junto a los conocimientos neuroanat\u00f3micos y neurofisiol\u00f3gicos, se puedan interpretar de manera correcta los resultados de esta evaluaci\u00f3n.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Exploraci\u00f3n del sistema motor<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Para evaluar el sistema motor, es importante explorar principalmente <\/span><b>varios aspectos del m\u00fasculo<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, especialmente cinco.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Trofismo<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Valoraci\u00f3n subjetiva del <\/span><b>volumen y masa muscular<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Se realiza por una simple inspecci\u00f3n y ser\u00e1 el propio m\u00e9dico el que determine si un m\u00fasculo se encuentra normal o si es demasiado grande, hipertrofia, o demasiado peque\u00f1o, hipotrofia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Por otro lado, podr\u00eda aparecer la <\/span><b>atrofia<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, es decir, cuando un m\u00fasculo tiene menos tama\u00f1o y se encuentran datos de posible denervaci\u00f3n o p\u00e9rdida de conexi\u00f3n con el m\u00fasculo.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3>Tono<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">El m\u00fasculo muestra una <\/span><b>resistencia pasiva <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">al movimiento cuando se encuentra relajado. Esto se comprueba palpando la masa muscular y llevando a cabo estiramientos y acortamientos pasivos de los m\u00fasculos de las extremidades.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Estas alteraciones pueden provocar <\/span><b>hiperton\u00eda<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> y presentarse de tres maneras diferentes:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Rigidez<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: limitaci\u00f3n durante todo el arco de movimiento<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Espasticidad<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: dependiente de la velocidad de estiramiento y suele ser mayor al inicio y menor despu\u00e9s.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Disminuci\u00f3n <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">del tono muscular: hipoton\u00eda.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3>Fuerza muscular<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">El paciente tiene que realizar <\/span><b>diversos movimientos<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> contra la gravedad para despu\u00e9s llevarlos a cabo en contra de una resistencia que impone el m\u00e9dico. Los m\u00fasculos que se analizan de esta manera son:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>B\u00edceps y tr\u00edceps<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> en las extremidades superiores a trav\u00e9s de la flexi\u00f3n y extensi\u00f3n del codo.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Cu\u00e1driceps e isquiotibiales<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>B\u00edceps semitendinoso y semimembranoso<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> en las extremidades inferiores mediante la flexi\u00f3n y extensi\u00f3n de la rodilla.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Estas exploraciones deben realizarse de manera comparativa tanto en el <\/span><b>lado derecho como en el izquierdo<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3>Reflejos de estiramiento muscular<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">El reflejo de estiramiento muscular consiste en una <\/span><b>respuesta motriz<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, independiente de tu voluntad, que surge tras aplicar un est\u00edmulo mec\u00e1nico sobre los tendones.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Este est\u00edmulo suele realizarse con <\/span><b>martillo de reflejos<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, el cual crea un estiramiento s\u00fabito del m\u00fasculo, y de ah\u00ed surge esta contracci\u00f3n.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">El paciente tiene que estar <\/span><b>completamente relajado<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">; por eso, en ocasiones el m\u00e9dico trata de distraerlo para que no centre su atenci\u00f3n en el est\u00edmulo. La mejor posici\u00f3n para llevarlo a cabo es en un \u00e1ngulo de 90\u00ba.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Esta exploraci\u00f3n se inicia localizando el tend\u00f3n del m\u00fasculo y utilizando un martillo de reflejos. La ejecuci\u00f3n debe ser <\/span><b>precisa, suave y r\u00e1pida <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y se tiene que realizar de manera bilateral y comparativa.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3>Reflejos patol\u00f3gicos<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Los reflejos patol\u00f3gicos son aquellos que no pueden provocarse en pacientes normales porque su presencia significa una alteraci\u00f3n neurol\u00f3gica. Destacan dos:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Signo de Babinsk<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">i: se trata de una lesi\u00f3n en la v\u00eda piramidal. Se obtiene una flexi\u00f3n dorsal del dedo gordo y un movimiento que emula un abanico en los dem\u00e1s.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Signo de Hoffmann y Tr\u00f6mner<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: tambi\u00e9n es un signo de afecci\u00f3n de la v\u00eda piramidal que afecta a los miembros superiores; solo ser\u00e1n patol\u00f3gicos si se asocian a otras alteraciones. Se explora mediante el golpeo de la u\u00f1a del segundo, tercero o cuarto dedo. De esta manera, se obtiene una flexi\u00f3n del dedo \u00edndice o el dedo pulgar como est\u00edmulo.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>En Unidad M\u00e9dica Angloamericana contamos con expertos neur\u00f3logos siempre dispuestos a ayudarte. No dudes en\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unidadmedica.com\/clinicas-en-madrid-centro\/\">consultarnos<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>La exploraci\u00f3n neurol\u00f3gica se encarga de diagnosticar las enfermedades del sistema nervioso; por eso, es la herramienta m\u00e1s importante en medicina. Este an\u00e1lisis es realizado normalmente por un m\u00e9dico especialista en neurolog\u00eda. Es importante incorporar de manera correcta los datos cl\u00ednicos que se obtienen mediante esta exploraci\u00f3n para que, junto a los conocimientos neuroanat\u00f3micos y [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":5205,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","uma_autor":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[56],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5193","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-neurologia"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Exploraci\u00f3n neurol\u00f3gica del sistema motor | Unidad M\u00e9dica<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Entra y descubre los rasgos generales de c\u00f3mo realizar una exploraci\u00f3n neurol\u00f3gica del sistema motor.\" 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